Distillation is a unit operation that can be used to fractionate liquid mixtures. It utilises the different volatility of the components of the mixture to be separated.
Rectification is an application of distillation and its uses include fractionation of crude oil. In practice, this multi-stage distillation process is carried out in the form of countercurrent distillation (rectification) in a column.

Continuous and discontinuous rectification with packed, sieve tray and bubble cap tray column.

PLC controlled continuous rectification with packed and sieve tray column.