In recuperators, two media flow through simultaneously in a steady state. There is a partition between the media flows, which serves as a transfer surface. The heat is transferred indirectly from the hot medium to the partition and from the partition to the cold medium, without time lag.

Measuring the transfer characteristics of four different heat exchanger models.

Typical plate heat exchanger in parallel flow and counterflow operation.

Heating using jacket or coiled tube; stirrer for improved mixing of medium.

Heat exchanger with measurement of the fluid and wall temperature; operation in parallel flow and counterflow.

Comparison of plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, shell and tube heat exchanger, finned cross-flow heat exchanger, and stirred tank with double jacket and coiled tube.

Convective heat transfer using shell & tube and finned tube heat exchangers.